Calculators

Calculator Card – Kinetic Energy

CLASSICAL MECHANICS KE = ½mv²

Kinetic Energy Calculator

Energy of motion

The energy an object possesses due to its motion. Depends on mass and the square of the speed — double the velocity, quadruple the energy.

Mass Velocity Joules

Card – Gravitational Potential Energy

CLASSICAL MECHANICS PE = mgh

Gravitational Potential Energy

Stored energy of position

Energy an object has because of its height above the ground. Lift it higher or increase its mass — the stored energy grows proportionally.

Mass Height Gravity Joules

Card – Momentum

CLASSICAL MECHANICS p = mv

Momentum Calculator

Quantity of motion

The product of mass and velocity. Momentum is conserved in isolated systems — a heavy, slow object can carry as much momentum as a light, fast one.

Mass Velocity Conservation

Card – Force (Newton’s Second Law)

CLASSICAL MECHANICS F = ma

Force (Newton’s Second Law)

Unbalanced force causes acceleration

The net force on an object equals its mass times its acceleration. Double the force, double the acceleration — add mass, and acceleration drops.

Mass Acceleration Newtons

Card – Work Done

CLASSICAL MECHANICS W = Fd cosθ

Work Done

Energy transferred by a force

Work is done when a force moves an object. Only the force component along the displacement does work — perpendicular forces do none.

Force Displacement Angle Joules

Card – Power

CLASSICAL MECHANICS P = W/t

Power

Rate of doing work

How fast energy is transferred or work is done. More power means more energy delivered per second — a 100 W bulb converts 100 J every second.

Work Time Watts

Card – Impulse

CLASSICAL MECHANICS J = FΔt = Δp

Impulse

Change in momentum

The product of force and time, equal to the change in momentum. A large force for a short time can have the same effect as a small force for a long time.

Force Time Momentum

Card – Centripetal Force

CLASSICAL MECHANICS Fc = mv²/r

Centripetal Force

Inward force for circular motion

The net force directed toward the centre of a circular path. Without it, an object would fly off in a straight line. It depends on mass, speed, and radius.

Mass Velocity Radius Newtons

Card – Torque

CLASSICAL MECHANICS τ = rF sinθ

Torque

Rotational force

The rotational equivalent of force. Depends on how hard you push, how far from the pivot, and the angle — a longer wrench makes it easier to loosen a bolt.

Force Lever arm Angle N·m

Card – Pressure

CLASSICAL MECHANICS P = F/A

Pressure

Force distributed over area

The amount of force acting on a unit area. A small force on a tiny area can create immense pressure — that’s why a sharp knife cuts easily.

Force Area Pascals

Card – Density

CLASSICAL MECHANICS ρ = m/V

Density

Mass per unit volume

How tightly matter is packed into a space. Dense objects feel heavy for their size; less dense ones float on denser fluids — like ice on water.

Mass Volume kg/m³

Card – Velocity

CLASSICAL MECHANICS v = Δx / t

Velocity

Speed with a direction

Displacement divided by time. How fast an object moves from one point to another in a straight line — the foundation of kinematics.

Displacement Time m/s

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